Cancer occurs when cells undergo uncontrolled proliferation, instead of normal cell replacement processes. There are many different types of cancer that can affect the human body. One type, multiple myeloma, is a type of blood cancer. Multiple myeloma attacks a type of white blood cell called a plasma cell. Normally, plasma cells help the body fight in infection. However, when plasma cells become cancerous, they accumulate in the bone marrow, overwhelming normal blood cells. Instead of producing healthy infection-fighting cells, these cancerous cells produce abnormal proteins that cause illness. Multiple myeloma can produce a variety of symptoms that can affect health and function of the individual. A number of different types of treatment are used to fight multiple myeloma, depending on the stage of the cancer.
Causes of Multiple Myeloma
Medical researchers are still uncertain about the exact causes of multiple myeloma. In some cases, mutations occur in the DNA of cells that regulate cell growth. Researchers have also found changes in DNA that are associated with the development of multiple myeloma. Changes in bone marrow cells are also associated with this type of cancer. These changes can cause excess production of a hormone that can lead to abnormal cell growth. The research indicates there are certain risk factors that are prevalent in multiple myeloma. Most cases are diagnosed in individuals in their mid-60s. Generally, men develop multiple myeloma more than women. Individuals who have a close family member with the disease are more likely to develop it. Multiple myeloma is more common in some specific racial groups. The presence of other types of proteins in the blood can predispose an individual to developing multiple myeloma.
Signs and Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma
Because multiple myeloma involves cells in blood, symptoms can affect various parts of the body. Early in the disease, there may be no symptoms. However, as it progresses, the individual may experience nausea, loss of appetite, constipation, weight loss, fatigue, weakness in the legs, numbness in the legs, bone pain, mental fogginess, confusion, excessive thirst and frequent infections. Bone weakness and fractures of the bones can occur. Multiple myeloma can cause damage to the kidneys, causing frequent urination, itching, swelling of the legs and weakness. The individual may feel constantly short of breath. Neuropathy and frequent infections are common in the disease. Any persistent symptom of this type should be seen by a doctor. Blood tests are used to determine changes in blood chemistry that are associated with the disease. Anemia, low white blood cell counts and low platelet counts that slow healing are often detected with this disease.
Treating Multiple Myeloma
The treatment of multiple myeloma will depend on the stage of the disease. Surgery is rarely used to remove tissue in multiple myeloma. However, it may be needed for single tumors or to repair bones that are affected by the disease. Radiation treatments use a high-energy beam of light to eliminate cancer cells. This type of treatment may be used when chemotherapy methods are insufficient. A variety of different chemotherapy drugs may be used to treat multiple myeloma. In addition, other medications may also be used for treatment and to reduce the issues with symptoms presenting themselves. Other supportive therapies are also available, depending on the patient’s needs. Some of these treatments involve side effects that may complicate treatment of the disease.
Multiple myeloma can be a serious, life-threatening condition. However, prompt medical treatment can help to extend lifespans. An oncologist experienced at treating this type of cancer will ensure that the individual receives the appropriate level of treatment for their particular needs.